Cremation: What is cremation, how does it work and what does it cost

Cremation is becoming an increasingly popular method of final disposition. It involves burning a deceased body and reducing it to ash-like bone fragments. The process takes place in a crematorium, overseen by licensed professionals, and can be customized to incorporate various cultural and religious practices.

As cremation gains popularity, alternative methods are emerging, providing additional disposition options for families and individuals.

Choosing the final disposition is an important decision; if you’re considering pre-planning your funeral, or have the immediate need to plan a funeral service for a loved one, we encourage you to read our intro guide on how to plan a funeral.

In this article, we will cover what cremation is, the process of cremation, and special considerations that you should think about when deciding if cremation is right for you or your loved one.

We will also explore what can be done with cremated ashes, direct cremation vs traditional burial, funeral and memorial services, documentation and identification, preparing the body for cremation, special considerations and restrictions, cremation industry, cremation in various cultures and religions, cremation alternatives, cremation costs and trends.

What is Cremation?

Cremation is a funeral practice that involves exposing a deceased body to high heat and flame, reducing it to ash and small bone fragments. This process serves as an alternative to traditional burial in a coffin or casket. In some countries, such as India and Nepal, open-air pyre cremations have been practiced for centuries.

When choosing cremation, the deceased’s body is usually placed in a cremation container or casket, which is then placed into a cremation chamber or retort and heated, reducing the body to bone fragments and ash. This process typically takes two to three hours. After the cremation, the remains are cooled and often pulverized to create a uniform consistency.

The resulting ashes, also called “cremains” or “cremated remains,” can be handled in various ways according to preference or cultural traditions. Some options include:

• Returning the ashes to the family in an urn, which can be kept at home or interred in a columbarium
• Burying the ashes in a burial plot
• Scattering the ashes at a designated location, such as a body of water or a favorite place of the deceased

Additional services can be arranged in conjunction with the cremation, such as a memorial service prior to or after the cremation. Keep in mind that these services may incur extra costs, such as transporting the body to the crematorium, embalming, and cosmetic preparations.

Overall, cremation is a popular and increasingly common option for final disposition of a deceased body. It offers flexibility and a variety of options for handling the remains, allowing families to honor their loved ones in a way that is meaningful and appropriate for them.

The Cremation Process

Preparation of the Deceased

Before the cremation process begins, the deceased must be prepared properly. This includes removing any jewelry, personal belongings, and medical devices, as well as dressing the body in appropriate clothing. It is important to follow any specific guidelines or legal requirements that pertain to the preparation of the deceased.

Cremation Chamber

The body of the deceased is placed in a cremation chamber, also known as a retort, which is designed to withstand extremely high temperatures. The chamber is made from materials such as bricks or tiles, which help to maintain the necessary heat levels.

Heat and Gas Usage

During the cremation process, the cremation chamber is heated to a temperature between 1400°F and 1800°F (760°C to 982°C). This extreme heat is necessary for the chemical and mechanical breakdown of the body’s organic components, including tissues and fluids. The gases produced during cremation are vented through an exhaust system and filtered to minimize the release of harmful substances into the environment. The cremation process typically takes between one and a half to three hours, depending on the size and weight of the body.

Bone Fragments and Ashes

At these high temperatures, most of the body’s organic matter vaporizes and the remaining bones are incinerated, reducing them to fragments. Once the cremation process is complete, the chamber is allowed to cool, allowing for the safe removal of the bone fragments. These fragments may still contain small amounts of organic material, but they mostly consist of mineral components.

Cremulator

After the cooling period, the bone fragments are then placed in a device called a cremulator. This machine grinds the fragments into a finer consistency, similar to ash. The final product, often referred to as cremated remains or cremains, is typically no larger than one-eighth inch in size.

What happens to the coffin during cremation?

The coffin or container in which the deceased is placed is usually made of combustible materials, such as wood or cardboard. During the cremation process, the container is consumed by the heat, and the ashes that remain are the cremated remains of the deceased.

The cremation process is a complex and carefully regulated process that requires specialized equipment and trained professionals. The use of natural gas or propane as a fuel source in the cremation chamber helps to minimize the impact on the environment. The temperature, burning, and combustion are closely monitored to ensure that the process is carried out safely and efficiently.

What can be done with cremated ashes?

Cremains Storage

Cremated ashes, also known as cremains, can be stored in a variety of ways. Some options include:

• Urns: Urns come in many different shapes, sizes, and materials. They can be made of wood, metal, ceramic, or even biodegradable materials. Urns can be personalized with engravings or designs to reflect the personality of the deceased.
• Jewelry: Some people choose to have a small amount of cremains placed into jewelry, such as a pendant or bracelet. This allows loved ones to keep the deceased close to their heart.
• Keepsake boxes: Keepsake boxes can hold a small amount of cremains and can be decorated or personalized to reflect the personality of the deceased.

Scattering ashes

Another option for cremains is to scatter them in a meaningful location. Some popular options include:

• Scattering gardens: Many cemeteries have designated areas for scattering cremains. These gardens are often landscaped and provide a peaceful environment for loved ones to visit.
• Private property: Cremains can be scattered on private property with the permission of the property owner. This could be a meaningful location such as a family farm or a favorite hiking spot.
• Water scattering: Cremains can be scattered in bodies of water such as lakes, rivers, or oceans. There are companies that specialize in water scattering services and can provide a meaningful ceremony for loved ones.

Overall, there are many options for what can be done with cremated ashes. Whether it be storing them in a personalized urn or scattering them in a meaningful location, the choice ultimately comes down to personal preference and what would best honor the memory of the deceased.

Direct Cremation vs Traditional Burial

Cremation versus Burial: What are the Differences?

Direct cremation and traditional burial differ in various ways. Direct cremation involves the cremation of the deceased body without a funeral service, whereas traditional burial typically involves a viewing or funeral service followed by interment or entombment.

Direct cremation is often preferred by those who want a simple and less expensive option, while traditional burial is favored by those who want a more formal and traditional way of saying goodbye to their loved ones. Additionally, direct cremation allows for more flexibility in terms of memorialization options, such as scattering the ashes or keeping them in an urn.

Comparison of Costs

Direct cremation is usually the more cost-effective option when compared to traditional burial. The costs of direct cremation typically include basic funeral home services, refrigeration of the remains, and the cremation process. Additional fees may apply for an urn or container for the cremated remains.

Traditional burial, on the other hand, involves a higher expense, including the funeral home’s basic services, a casket, a burial plot, embalming, and a viewing or funeral service. The costs of traditional burial can vary depending on the location, type of casket, and the cemetery.

Environmental Impact

Both direct cremation and traditional burial have environmental implications. Direct cremation is often seen as a more eco-friendly option due to reduced land use. However, the cremation process can generate airborne emissions that could potentially harm the atmosphere.

Traditional burial, on the other hand, involves the use of land for cemeteries and the consumption of natural resources, including wood for caskets. Additionally, embalming fluids can potentially contaminate the soil and groundwater.

Religious Perspectives

Religious beliefs and customs play a significant role in choosing between direct cremation and traditional burial. Some religions, such as Christianity, Judaism, and Islam, have traditionally favored burial as the primary method of body disposition.

However, religious views on cremation have evolved over time, and more people are now choosing direct cremation to honor their loved ones’ wishes or to minimize the financial burden on surviving family members. It’s essential to consider your personal beliefs and values when deciding between direct cremation and traditional burial.

Funeral and Memorial Services

When planning a funeral involving cremation, it’s crucial to choose between a funeral service and a memorial service. Both options provide an opportunity to pay respects to the deceased, but there are some key differences to consider.

Viewings and Visitations

A viewing or visitation is an important opportunity for friends and family to gather and pay their respects to the deceased before the funeral service. In the case of cremation, a viewing typically takes place before the body is cremated. If you opt for a funeral service with cremation, you can still have a viewing or visitation, as the body will be present in a casket.

Funeral Ceremony

A funeral service usually occurs before the cremation, and the body of the deceased is present in a casket. This ceremony can take place in a religious or non-religious setting and may include readings, prayers, eulogies, and other traditions that are meaningful to you and your loved one. After the funeral service, the body is then taken for cremation.

Memorial Service

On the other hand, a memorial service takes place after the cremation has been performed. This type of service can also be religious or non-religious and can involve readings, prayers, eulogies, and other significant traditions. The main difference is that the decedent’s cremated remains may be displayed in an urn during the memorial service.

It’s important to choose the most suitable option based on your preferences and your loved one’s wishes. Both funeral and memorial services serve as a way to pay tribute and share memories with family and friends. Remember to make sure it accurately reflects their life and honors their memory.

Documentation and Identification

When dealing with cremation, it is crucial to handle the necessary documentation and identification procedures with care and precision. This section will discuss the two primary aspects of this process: paperwork and permissions, as well as identification tags.

Paperwork and Permissions

Before cremation can take place, certain paperwork and permissions must be obtained. The required documents include a death certificate and a cremation permit. The death certificate officially records the individual’s passing and is necessary for the cremation process. Typically, a funeral director or medical professional will help obtain this certificate. A cremation permit, also known as a certificate of disposition of remains, authorizes the cremation and provides information about the deceased and their final resting place.

It is important to note that local, state, or federal authorities can delay the cremation process if any circumstances surrounding the death are called into question. Therefore, it is crucial to stay proactive in securing these documents to prevent any delays in the process.

Identification Tags

Accurate identification during the cremation process is essential to ensuring that the proper remains are returned to the family. Crematoriums use identification tags for this purpose, which generally involve the following steps:

• A metal identification tag containing a unique number is assigned to the deceased. This tag remains with the body throughout the entire process, from transport to the crematorium to the final ashes.
• After the cremation, a small metal identification disc is placed with the ashes. This disc bears the same number as the original metal ID tag, allowing families to verify that they have received the correct remains.

By adhering to these documentation and identification procedures, one can ensure a smoother and more efficient cremation process while alleviating any potential concerns or complications.

Preparing the body for cremation

Embalming Process

When preparing a body for cremation, embalming may be necessary depending on local regulations and the circumstances surrounding the deceased. In most states, if a body will not be buried or cremated within 24 or 48 hours, it must be properly preserved through embalming or refrigeration, which the funeral home will provide. Embalming is a procedure that sanitizes and preserves the body, allowing for a public viewing or delaying the cremation process if needed. However, if the deceased will not be viewed and cremation will take place relatively quickly, embalming may not be required.

Cremation Container

After the body is prepared, it is placed in a cremation container that is specifically designed for cremation. The container should be fully combustible and can be made from various materials, such as pressed wood, cardboard, or other materials that will combust within the cremation chamber. This ensures that the container does not negatively impact the cremation process or produce any harmful emissions.

The cremation container, often referred to as a casket, can be as simple or elaborate as the family chooses. Wooden caskets are widely used, providing a sturdy and aesthetic option for the cremation process. However, it is important to remember that the main purpose of the container is to hold the body securely and respectfully during the cremation process, so it does not need to be extremely expensive or ornate. Funeral homes or crematories can guide families through the selection of an appropriate cremation container.

In some cases, families may choose to use a rental casket for a viewing or funeral service before the cremation process. The rental casket is designed to allow for the insertion of an insert container, which is removed before the cremation process. This can be a cost-effective option for families who want to have a viewing or funeral service but do not want to purchase an expensive casket.

In summary, preparing the body for cremation involves deciding on whether embalming should be carried out and selecting an appropriate cremation container for the process. Funeral homes and crematories can guide families through these decisions, ensuring a respectful and dignified experience for the deceased and their loved ones.

Special considerations and restrictions

Medical Devices

When undergoing cremation, it is important to disclose any medical devices that the deceased may have had to the cremation facility staff. This is because certain devices, such as artificial joints or implants, may need to be removed before the cremation process due to the material they are made of. Some materials can withstand high temperatures and may cause damage to the cremation chamber.

Pacemakers and Prosthetics

Pacemakers and prosthetics should be removed before cremation. Pacemakers, in particular, contain batteries that can explode during the cremation process, causing damage to the cremation chamber and posing a risk to staff. Prosthetics, on the other hand, can interfere with the cremation process and potentially cause damage to the chamber.

Jewelry and Personal Items

It is recommended to remove any jewelry or personal items from the deceased before the cremation process. Although these items may not pose a practical issue, they are often sentimental and may be destroyed during the cremation process, making it impossible to recover them afterward. It is suggested to keep any items that you wish to preserve separate from the body before the cremation takes place.

In conclusion, being mindful of medical devices, pacemakers, prosthetics, jewelry, and personal items is crucial when considering cremation. Proper handling of these items will ensure a successful and smooth cremation process while also preserving any cherished belongings.

Cremation Industry

Funeral Homes and Crematoriums

Funeral homes and crematoriums are essential components of the cremation industry. Funeral homes are responsible for handling the arrangements and services for the deceased, while crematoriums are facilities where the actual cremation takes place. In recent years, the demand for cremation services has increased, leading funeral homes to adapt and offer more cremation services.

When choosing a funeral home for cremation services, it is important to ensure that they have experienced and knowledgeable funeral directors on staff. These professionals will guide you through the entire process, from selecting a cremation package to handling the necessary paperwork and permits.

Cemetery and Columbarium Options

After cremation, the ashes, or cremains, can be interred in a cemetery or placed in a columbarium. The decision on where to inter the cremains will largely depend on personal preferences, religious or cultural considerations, and available options.

Cemeteries offer various options for the interment of cremains, including in-ground burial plots specifically designed for cremains, private or family mausoleums, and cremation gardens with designated spaces for scattering ashes. On the other hand, columbariums are above-ground structures that house cremains in individual or family niches. These niches can be indoor or outdoor and may have glass or bronze fronts for displaying urns and commemorating the deceased.

When choosing between a cemetery and columbarium, it is important to consider the location, available options, costs, and any religious or cultural factors relevant to the situation. Funeral directors can provide expert guidance on the best options for memorializing a loved one.

Overall, funeral homes and crematoriums play a vital role in the cremation industry, and cemetery and columbarium options provide a range of choices for interring cremains. It is important to carefully consider all options and consult with experienced professionals when making decisions regarding cremation services.

Cremation in various cultures and religions

History of Cremation

Cremation has been a practice for thousands of years, with the ancient Greeks and Romans being among the earliest civilizations to widely practice it. In Europe, cremation was popularized in the late 19th century, and by the early 20th century, it had become a standard practice in many countries.

Is cremation mentioned in the Bible?

The Bible does not explicitly mention cremation, and there is no clear indication of whether it is acceptable or not. However, some passages in the Bible suggest that burial was the preferred method of disposing of the dead, with Jesus himself being buried after his crucifixion.

Hinduism and Jainism

In Hinduism, cremation is a central aspect of funeral rites. It is believed that the process of burning the body helps release the individual’s soul, allowing it to transition into the next life. Hindu cremations are conducted on an open-air pyre, with specific rituals to ensure the appropriate disposal of the body and the safe passage of the deceased’s soul.

Jain funerals also involve an open-air pyre and specific rituals to ensure the safe passage of the deceased’s soul. Jainism, like Hinduism, endorses cremation as the preferred method of disposing of the dead.

Christianity

The Catholic Church historically opposed cremation, insisting on burial as the standard method for disposing of the deceased. However, in 1963, the Vatican issued a decree permitting Catholics to be cremated if they chose to do so. Protestant denominations generally do not have strong theological objections to cremation, and the practice is generally accepted among them. Anglicans and Episcopalians have no strict rules regarding cremation, leaving the decision up to individual believers and their families.

It is important to note that within Christianity, beliefs and traditions surrounding cremation can vary significantly between denominations and communities. The Order of Christian Funerals, a set of guidelines for Catholic funerals, allows for cremation but emphasizes the importance of treating the cremated remains with respect and dignity. In some Protestant denominations, cremation is seen as a practical and cost-effective option, while in others, it is viewed as an acceptable alternative to burial but is not the preferred method of disposal.

Sikhism

In Sikhism, cremation is the preferred method of disposing of the dead. The body is typically cremated within 24 hours of death, and the ashes are scattered in a body of water. The practice is seen as a way to release the soul from the physical body and allow it to merge with the divine.

Overall, the practice of cremation varies widely across cultures and religions. While some view it as an essential aspect of funeral rites, others prefer burial or have no strong preference either way. It is important to respect the beliefs and traditions of the deceased and their family when making decisions regarding the disposal of their remains.

Cremation Alternatives

Alkaline Hydrolysis (Water Cremation, Aquamation Bio-cremation)

Alkaline hydrolysis—also known as water cremation, aquamation, or bio-cremation—is an emerging alternative to traditional cremation. In this process, the body is submerged in a heated alkali solution of potassium hydroxide (KOH), which mimics the natural process of breaking down a body, but takes only a few hours instead of many years.

One of the key advantages of alkaline hydrolysis is its environmental friendliness. Since it uses water and alkali, this method produces fewer greenhouse gas emissions and consumes less energy than traditional cremation. Furthermore, the remaining bone fragments can be processed into a substance similar to ashes, which can be returned to the family for burial or scattering.

Cremation costs and trends in the United States

Cremation rates in the United States have been steadily increasing over the past few decades due to various factors, including cost, environmental concerns, and changing cultural and religious views. In 2022, the US cremation rate reached 59.0%, up from 57.2% in 2021. By 2027, it is projected that the US cremation rate will reach 65.2%.

The cost of cremation in the United States varies depending on the location and provider. According to the National Funeral Directors Association, the average cost of a cremation with a viewing and funeral service in 2019 was $5,150, while a direct cremation cost an average of $1,650. However, costs can range from as low as $500 to as high as $10,000 depending on the location and provider.

It’s important to note that cremation rates vary greatly by state. For instance, in 2021, Nevada had the highest cremation rate at almost 82%. This variation is often due to differences in regional cultural practices and preferences.

Cremation is becoming an increasingly popular choice for end-of-life arrangements in the United States due to its affordability compared to traditional burial. Direct cremation, which is the most affordable option, involves the cremation of the body without any funeral services or viewing. This option is becoming more popular among those looking for a simple and cost-effective way to handle their loved one’s remains.

In conclusion, cremation rates are on a steady upward trend in the United States. As societal norms and attitudes continue to evolve, cremation is expected to remain a prevalent choice for end-of-life arrangements.

Frequently asked questions

Sources

1. Industry Statistical Information – Cremation Association of North America. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.cremationassociation.org/page/IndustryStatistics ↩
2. Cremation Association of North America. (n.d.). Industry Statistical Information. Retrieved July 22, 2023, from https://www.cremationassociation.org/page/IndustryStatistics ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴
3. Statista Research Department. (2023, July 6). U.S. cremation rate by state 2021. Statista. Retrieved July 22, 2023, from https://www.statista.com/statistics/892085/us-cremation-rate-by-state/ ↩